Belarus (Geography)
The country consists to the north of a hilly moraine landscape with many
depressions filled with bogs and small lakes. In the middle of the country, an
east-west slope extends with heights up to 300 m. In this area, the natural
drainage is best, and here is good agricultural land. To the south lies a belt
of sandy soils, which is replaced by vast swamp areas. The wetlands cover about
a third of the total territory and are drained by the Dnieper in particular with
the tributaries Pripyat, Berezina and Sozh. To the SW, the Bug is the border
river with Poland; to the west flows Neman (Belarusian. Njoman,
Lithuanian Nemunas) and Western Dvina (Daugava) to the Baltic Sea. In
addition to a diversity of small lakes, there are the larger lakes Narotj and
Osvejskoje. The rivers are navigable over long distances, and together with a
fairly dense road and railway network, they form a well-developed
infrastructure. The pattern, together with the Belarusian part of the Soviet
pipeline network, reflects the historical expansion and the continued close ties
with Russia.
Belarus has few raw material resources; there is a small production of oil
and oil shale and small deposits of rock and potassium salts, brickworks and
coal. One third of the area is covered by mixed forest. Several areas are
designated for nature parks; best known is the primeval forest Belovezhskaya
Pushcha with several rare animal species, including the European bison.
The climate is cool temperate and humid. The proximity to the Baltic Sea
means that the winters are relatively mild with an average for January of -6 °
C; in summer it is 18-19 °C. The annual precipitation of 550-700 mm corresponds
to Denmark.
Population and occupation
The population density is highest in the central part of the country, and 72%
live in cities. 81% of the population are Belarusians, 11% Russians, 4% Poles,
2% Ukrainians and 1% Jews (1999). The Russians and Jews are predominantly
residents of the cities.
- Countryaah:
Do you know how many people there are in Belarus? Check this site to see
population pyramid and resident density about this country.
In Soviet times, Belarus, along with the Baltic republics, was one of the
most economically developed. Important industries were machinery, oil,
chemical products, electronics, wood and food industry. Within the Soviet Union,
the country was a leader in the production of large trucks, harvesters,
tractors, motorcycles, ball bearings, knitwear, linen and several other
products, which were exported on a large scale. After the collapse of the
planned economy, the industry has ended up in a deep crisis, and a large part of
the companies are finding it difficult to cope with the new market conditions.
Almost half of the area is suitable for various types of agriculture, and the
majority is laid out for agriculture. The main crops are wheat, rye, flax and
potatoes; in addition, sugar beets, fruit and vegetables are grown, and beef
cattle, milk, pigs and poultry are obtained from livestock farms. The conversion
of agriculture from state and collective farms to private farms is slow and is
associated with major ideological and even greater practical problems. In 2005
there are virtually no private farms, but on the private plots the traditions
from the Soviet era are continued with the production of potatoes (90% of the
total production), vegetables (85% of the production), fruit and poultry.
Despite its independence, Belarus's economy remains deeply integrated into
Russia's, but the negative effects of the transition from a planned to a market
economy are even more pronounced here than in Russia. Among other
things. Against this background, strong forces in Belarus are seeking not just
an economic but also a political integration with Russia.
Belarusian culture was for centuries up to its incorporation into Russia in
the 1700's. under the strong influence of cultural and religious currents from
Western Europe. However, there is no doubt that culture today is far more
Russian than Western, in contrast to, for example, the Baltic states, which have
a comparable history.
In 1986, Belarus was the country most exposed to the aftermath of
the Chernobyl nuclear power plant accident in Ukraine. 70% of the radioactive
fallout from Chernobyl affected 20% of Belarus' land area with a population of
2.5 million, including the cities of Gomel and Mogilev. However, the
consequences for the environment and the health of the population are still
hotly debated.
Belarus - language
The dominant language is Russian, spoken by 6.67 million, while Belarus,
which in the early Soviet period was made the official language alongside
Russian, is spoken by 2.23 million. (2011). After independence in 1991, Belarus
became the only official language, but from 1994 Russian is again equated with
Belarusian. The urban population, especially in the capital Minsk, speaks
almost exclusively Russian, while mainly Belarusian is spoken in the
countryside; in addition, Polish and Ukrainian are spoken.
Belarus - literature
From approximately 1000-1300-t. Belarus was integrated into the common East Slavic
culture. The literature was religious and the language Slavic. French Skaryna
(approximately 1485-approx. 1540), whose Bible translations and commentaries had a touch of
the vernacular, founded the first East Slavic printing presses, but only in
1500's memoirs is a well-developed, secular Belarusian literature seen.
From 1569 a massive Polish cultural influence set in. Two anonymous satires: Mjalesjka's
speech (approximately 1630) and A letter to Abukhovich (1655), aimed at
Polish administration and way of life, are bright spots in an otherwise
pronounced period of decline. The similarly anonymous poem A Lament on the
Death of Abbot Lavon Karpovich (1620) is a poetic goldmine first discovered
in 1974. Simiaon Polatski (1629-80) contributed to Belarusian poetry before
enrolling in Church Slavonic/Russian literature. as Simeon Polotsky.
The Belarusian drama has its origins in the Jesuit and Orthodox clergy
seminars. In the so-called "school dramas", comic interludes were introduced
over time, where it was customary for high-ranking people to speak Latin and
Church Slavonic, respectively, while low-ranking people - including the Devil -
spoke Belarusian. As in Ukraine, puppetry was a viable, popular counterweight to
cultural oppression.
In the early 1800's. national resistance grew. The poet and playwright
Vikentij Dunin-Martsinkevich (1807-84), like many others, was subjected to
constant censorship, and Polish sentimentalism or pre-romanticism was
all-dominating. Pauluk Bakhrym (1831-91), the country's first peasant poet, was
a notable exception. Frantsishak Bogushevich (1840-1900) is often described as
the father of modern Belarusian literature, with collections of poems such as The
Belarusian Flute (1891) and with his nationally and socially conscious
narratives.
The years 1906-15 are called "Nasja niva" (Our Cornfield) after the leading
magazine. Janka Kupala created the plays and poems that made him the country's
much - loved national poet. Jakub Kolas' (1882-1956) novels, the trilogy At
the Crossroads (1923-54), can be described as an "encyclopedia of
pre-revolutionary Belarus". Ales Kharum (1887-1920) and Maksim Bogdanovich
(1891-1917) gave poetry new, refined expressions. Belarus's first literary
history, published in 1920, was written by novelist Maksim Kharetski
(1893-1939). For another decade there were lively feuds over the "true,
revolutionary literature", but in 1932 all factions were disbanded and the
writers forced into the newly formed Soviet Writers' Association.
Stalin's terror also hit Belarus's writers. Some fled abroad and continued
their work in emigration. After the thaw, prose in particular had a
renaissance, led by Janka Bryl (1917-2006), Ivan Sjamjakin (1921-2004) and Ivan
Melesj (1921-76). From the mid-1980's, Vasil Bykov became a leading figure in the
struggle for glasnost and a decade later for the whole of Belarusian culture,
which again saw itself threatened by dictatorship and annihilation.
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