Denmark - population
It is possible to follow the demographic development of the Danish population
back to 1735 on the basis of censuses and statistics on births and deaths.
The population
In 1735 the population comprised approximately 718,000 people. The first census
took place in 1769, when 797,584 people were counted. Censuses have been held in
Denmark every 5 or 10 years since 1840, the last time in 1970. Since then,
administrative registers have been used to calculate the size of the
population. In the first quarter of 2017, the population was 5,748,769 people.
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The geographical area as a basis for censuses has changed size twice: in
1864, when the duchies were ceded to Prussia, and in 1920, when Southern Jutland
was reunited with Denmark. In the year 1900, the population in Southern Jutland
was approximately 148,000 people.
Development of population growth
The size and growth of the population is a result of the interplay
between mortality, fertility (births) and migration. The Danish demographic
statistics provide a unique opportunity to follow the development from the
1700's. and onwards, where four periods reflect the different population
development trends.
1735-80. Both the mortality and fertility ratios (number of deaths
and births per 1000 persons) were high during this period; The life expectancy
of a newborn has probably been 35-40 years, and the infant mortality rate is
approximately 20%. Mortality and fertility were at about the same high level, so that
natural population growth was low and in some years downright negative. This is
typical of a pre-industrial society where the more modern social and medical
advances have not yet begun. The high mortality rate, which rose sharply in
certain years, was linked to epidemics. In previous periods, the epidemics have
been even more violent, for example, it is estimated that in the 1650's there was
a population decline in Denmark of 25-30% as a consequence of the Thirty Years'
War and the Karl Gustav Wars.
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1780-1890 was characterized by a marked decrease in mortality, while
fertility was at the same level as in the previous period. The mortality rate is
remarkable, as no groundbreaking medical preparations had yet been invented than
the smallpox vaccine, which was introduced in Denmark as early as the early
1800's; to common medical technique belonged vein discharge, just as
hospitalization was associated with high risk of infections. It must be assumed
that the mortality rate was associated with better diet, greater understanding
of hygiene and better living conditions. Midwifery also improved during the
period. From around the middle of the 1850's, an improvement of the sewer
systems began when, on the basis of English experience, clarity was gained about
the choleracauses. The decline in mortality was temporarily interrupted around
1830 by a violent "cold fever" epidemic (malaria) on Zealand and
Lolland. Malaria was epidemic in Denmark up to the beginning of the 1900's.
The constant and high fertility at the same time as a declining mortality
meant increasing population growth. In the 1860's, population growth was 1.37%
per year, the highest ever recorded in Denmark. During this period, emigration
from Denmark gained momentum, primarily to the United States, which can be
interpreted as a reaction to population pressure. 1869-1914, a total of 285,000
people emigrated from Denmark, of which 255,000 to the United States.
1890-1966.In the first half of the 1900-t. both fertility and
mortality decreased, which reduced population growth. The decline in fertility
from around 1890 was due to changed conditions for families, especially women,
in connection with the development of the industrial society. In the
agricultural community there was a tradition of having many children; they were
a valuable workforce that was part of the family's work on the farm. The
development of industrial society and wage labor led to a separation of home and
workplace, and children could no longer, in the same way, form a natural part of
a family work community. This made it more difficult to have many children, both
financially and practically. As a result, the average family size was
significantly reduced over a number of years, remarkably without access to
modern contraceptive methods. Around the year 1900, each woman received an
average of approximately 4 children (total fertility), while the number was
approximately 1.7 in the mid-1960's. Large birth cohorts characterized the 1940's and
early 1960's, while birth rates were particularly low in the 1930's. A
comprehensive improvement in the health status of the population increased the
life expectancy of a newborn from 52.9 years for men and 56.2 years for women in
the period 1901-05 to 70.3 and 74.5, respectively, in 1961-65.
Development of the population after 1966
After the mid-1900's. the demographic characteristics of the Danish population
have changed very significantly. This is primarily due to fertility
development. From 1966 until 1984, total fertility fell from 2.6 to 1.4 children
per. woman, and the number of live births, which in 1966 was approximately 88,000,
fell to approximately 52,000 in 1984. After 1984, the total fertility has increased
again and in 2015 is 1.7 children per. woman, and the number of live births is
approximately 58,000. The most recent increase has taken place mainly among the
slightly older women in terms of fertility. To ensure against a population
decline, the total fertility must be approximately 2.1 children per. woman, provided
that net immigration is zero. Since 1969, the fertility level in Denmark has
thus not been sufficient to ensure a birth surplus in the long term.
The reasons for the decline in fertility are estimated to be several, but as
before are rooted in changed social and economic conditions in society. During
the period, women have significantly increased their employment and education
frequency, which has made it necessary to pay for predominantly childcare,
typically in institutions for young children. It has become more difficult both
practically and financially to have many children, and today's women are
generally older when they have children than the women of the 1960's
were. Contributing to making family planning easier has been that in 1973
free abortion was introduced before the 12th week of pregnancy, and that in the
1960's contraceptives were developed and released.such as the contraceptive pill
and the IUD. The number of legal abortions in relation to the birth rate is much
higher in Denmark than in the rest of Western Europe; the number fell in the
1990's from approximately 20,500 legal abortions in 1990 to approximately 15,000 in 2002; it
has since remained fairly stable at this level. From 1973, sterilization was
also provided for everyone over the age of 25.
The life expectancy of newborns has increased through the period and in
2014-15 was 78.6 years for men and 82.5 years for women. However, the
development has been slower than in the countries with which Denmark usually
compares. Especially for women, the increase has been slow. There seems to be a
clear link between mortality and lifestyle factors, including smoking and
drinking habits.
Immigration to and from Denmark has changed in character during the period:
The migrations between Denmark and the European countries, which are similar to
Denmark socially and economically, have been numerically the largest throughout
the period, and between Denmark and these countries the number of immigrants has
roughly matched the number of emigrants. On the other hand, there has been an
increasing number of immigrants from countries with a completely different
background, especially from the former Yugoslavia and Asia, especially from
Turkey, Lebanon and Pakistan. Net immigration (the difference between
immigration and emigration) has fluctuated sharply during the period, but has
been predominantly positive.
On 1 January 2016, 704,000 immigrants and descendants lived in Denmark,
corresponding to approximately 12% of the total population. Of these, 226,000 were
immigrants from Western countries and 315,000 immigrants from non-Western
countries. Furthermore, there were 25,000 descendants from Western countries and
138,000 descendants from non-Western countries.
Age structure
The extensive demographic changes that have taken place in Denmark over the
last few hundred years have changed the age structure of the population. Thus,
the population was significantly younger in the past. In 1901, 34.3% were under
the age of 15, while only 6.6% were aged 65 and over. In 2016, the figures were
16.8% and 18.8%. There are significantly more very old people in Denmark in 2016
than a hundred years ago: in 1901, 0.2% of the population was 85 years and
over; in 2016 it is 2.1%. There are 60% more women than men over the age of 80.
Denmark - language
The language is Danish. It is the mother tongue of the vast majority of the
population and predominant as a public language.
Distribution
Some of the German-minded Danish citizens speak Danish (Southern Jutlandic)
at home, even though this minority cultivates German as an identity
mirror. approximately 626,000 people, ie. approximately 11.1% of the population (2014), are
immigrants from recent decades or descendants of them; their language has,
except in a few youth groups, so far had no demonstrable influence on the Danish
language.
In the Faroe Islands, according to the Home Rule Act, Danish is officially
equated with Faroese, as Faroese is the main language in the Faroe
Islands; Danish is a compulsory school subject and the first foreign
language. In Greenland, Danish must be able to be used in public affairs, even
after Greenlandic was recognized as an official language by the Self-Government
Act of 2009. The Icelandic school also teaches Danish, although the language no
longer has the status of a first foreign language. Danish is here a means of
Nordic contact. In addition, Danish is the mother tongue or cultural language
for Danish-minded German citizens in South Schleswig, just as the language is to
a certain, very limited extent kept alive by Danish immigrants in America and
Australia. Internationally, Danish has been the official language of the EU
since 1973.
General language conditions
Within the Indo-European language family, Danish belongs to the North
Germanic (Nordic) group together with Icelandic, Faroese, Norwegian and
Swedish; the last two languages are to a large extent immediately
understandable to Danes. As a written language, Danish is characterized by a
very fixed norm, whereas the spoken language exhibits significant pronunciation
variations, as only a few speak the actual dialect (see Danish dialects). The
vast majority master either the placeless national language or more often a
regional and/or social variant thereof; but the national language concept
covers constant and clearly generational shifts in pronunciation, which often
have their origins in Copenhagen.
The written language
Danish is written with the Latin alphabet, extended with æ and ø and from
1948 with å, which until then was written aa. The letters c, q, w, x and z are
only used in certain loan and foreign words, eg check, quiz, weekend, fax. The
spelling is predominantly conservative and agrees only partially with
contemporary pronunciation. In eg lie, rinse, mouth stands
in, y, u for a pronunciation that corresponds to e, ø, å, while the same vowel
sign in look, blame, dog is pronounced
literally. The compound eg indicates a long vowel plus consonant in eg veg,
but the diphthong [ɑi̯] in play, and the same diphthong can also not be
writtenas in way. From spellings like hole, pine, read, one
cannot see whether the vowel is long or short; this can be done, on the
other hand, by hollow, the guy, reader and hole, the guy, loader,
where single consonant denotes long vowel and double consonant short. The
spellings ld and nd, where d can be mute, always show short
vowels such as in hole, ball, wind, gang. However,
loanwords are often written according to the pattern of the foreign language,
therefore eg cycle, stage, chapter with a single consonant after a
short vowel.
Pronunciation
Danish is unusually rich in vowels. To the scripture's 9 vowel letters
correspond 16 sounds, eg a stands for three different pronunciations in sal, salt and scissors. In
addition, there are several diphthongs, eg [ɑj] as in rent and play,
[ɒw] as in forest and parish. Of the consonants only a few are
voiced; eg [bdg] is pronounced unvoiced, and the inhibition sounds [ð] and [ɣ]
corresponding to d and g are articulated loosely, just as is the case with [ʁ],
which is formed with the uvula, but after a vowel is transformed into an å-like
vowel sound [ʌ]. Interacting with the typical weak vowel [ə] in inflectional
endings such as -er, -ede, -ene, etc., the pronunciation becomes quite
instinctive. The special Danish sound impression also includes the shock, an
approximate vocal cord closure that occurs in certain word types, eg in
single-syllable words such as gap, bird, hand and
in the modern form reads, unlike the noun a reader.
Bends
In Germanic, two grammatical features are peculiar to the Nordic languages,
partly the adhered definite article, eg day-one, year-one, days-ne,
years-one, partly the verb form of the verbs, eg felt-es, felt-es. In
connection with an adjective in a certain form, the article is a prefixed
independent word, the long-e day, the new-e year, the
dear-e children.
Nouns are attributed to either common or neuter, one day, one
year, and adjectives and pronouns have gender inflection, big, stor-t, someone, something. Numerical
inflection is expressed in four ways in nouns, day-e, week-r, month-er, year (with
zero ending). The plural is in some words combined with consonant, eg foot - feet, man - men; adjectives
and pronouns add in plural -e, big-e, min-e. Nouns have two
cases, nominative and genitive, guest-s, guest-is-s, guest-one-s, guest-is-ne-s; seven
personal pronouns also have accusative, eg she - her - her-s. Adjectives
can be inflected, deep - deeper - deeper - deep-est.
Verbs are inflected in two tenses, present (present tense) and past tense
(past tense). The present is formed by the addition of -er or -r, love-er, stand-r. In
the past tense a distinction is made between weak and strong inflection. Weak
inflection includes two types, beloved, felt. Strong
inflection is characterized by zero-ending or -t, most often associated with
vowel change (aflyd), eg shoot-er - shot, find-er - fand-t, fall-er - fall-t. The
corresponding participles (adjectives) are love-one, feel-t, shot-t, find-one, fall-one. Optative
(wishful thinking) has the same form as infinitive (name form), The bride
and groom live ! Heck stand in it ! Imperative (verb mode) is
equal to the root of the verb, live, stand.
Sentence building
In Danish as well as in Norwegian and Swedish, a main sentence is clearly
different from an adverb. In the main sentence, subject, object and certain
adverbials can be exchanged freely, But I did not read the newspaper
yesterday/But the newspaper I did not read yesterday/But
yesterday I did not read the newspaper. On the other hand, the
participle's joint position is fixed with sentence adverbs (here the denial)
between subject and verbal, as I did not read the newspaper yesterday.
Vocabulary
The Danish language's vocabulary is in principle unlimited, as new words can
be freely formed by composition and derivation, eg long-term planning, interdisciplinary, support, entrepreneur. At
some point, long compositions cease to be meaningful, but in the long run, these
can be decoded meaningfully. For example, a reserve doctor's surcharge conversion
amount is an amount to be used when converting surcharges for reserve doctors.
The largest Danish dictionaries contain over 200,000 words.
The history of the language
Historically, Danish is a dialect of a common Nordic language, which is known
from approximately 200 AD Only towards the year 1200 is the division clear; The many
loanwords of the Viking Age in English, law, window, ill, loose, die, take, both, they,
etc., are Nordic rather than Danish. Characteristic Danish pronunciation changes
in the 1100's. is the reduction of [a], [i], [u] to [ə] in unstressed syllables,
such as throwing, hours, morning of joint Nordic kasta, timi, morgunn referred.
Swedish kasta,hour, morning; in addition, the
reduction of the inhibition sound [ɣ] in case of lapse or diphthongization
as in silence, fly, eye, forest,
corresponding to the newly formed closing sound in Swedish tiga, fluga, öga, forest,
as well as the conversion of [p], [t], [k] after vowel to [ b], [ð], [ɣ], eg in
the rope, without, cake, see. Swedish rep, utan, kaka.
Throughout the ages, Danish recorded thousands of words from foreign
languages, especially from the Low German in the Middle Ages, eg war, beautiful, hope,
and dissipation elements which confirm, bi-, -really, -bar, -hed, -Inside, -mager, -
eri. Examples of words from High German borrowed after the Reformation
are rifle, cheerful, strenuous, in vain; from
French a significant number of loanwords have been entered into since the 1600's,
eg affair, nervous,genere, partout; words
from English are borrowed especially in the 1900's, eg club, smart, skip, okay. Throughout
the period, loanwords are borrowed from Latin and Greek, eg priest, motor, telephone, crisis, immune, senile, vital, writing, impressing, approximately, extra. As
can be seen from the examples, the vast majority of foreign constituents have
been adapted to the Danish sound and bending system.
The historical shifts in vocabulary are largely caused by external factors
such as the Christian mission in the Viking Age, trade with Hanseatic merchants,
immigration of North German artisans and noble families in the Middle Ages, the
Lutheran Reformation in the 1500's. and since then broad cultural contact with
the modern international prestigious languages, first German and French and from
the late 1800's. predominantly English; and this whole Western European cultural
milieu has constantly absorbed vocabulary from the "dead" languages Latin and
Greek. Under the same external influences, the development has essentially taken
place in parallel in Danish, Norwegian and Swedish.
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