Switzerland - geography
Switzerland is surrounded by Germany to the north, Austria and Liechtenstein
to the east, Italy to the south and France to the west. The country does not
have direct access to the sea.
Landscapes
Switzerland is divided in terms of landscape into three regions: the Jura
Mountains to the NW with 10% of the area and approximately 15% of the population,
Mittelland or the Swiss Hill Country north of the Alps between Lake Geneva and
Lake Constance with 30% of the area and approximately 65% of the population and
finally the Alpine region, which includes southeastern Switzerland.
The Jura Mountains consist mainly of limestone rocks that have been folded up
from the SE during the formation of the Alps. Towards the NW on the border with
France, the area is weakly folded and heavily eroded to a smoothly wavy land
surface (Plateaujura). SW of this, the area is more strongly folded in clearly
elongated arches up to 300 km long (Kettenjura). Between the arches run parallel
valleys, which are connected by short, narrow transverse valleys. Farthest to
the north, the area is not folded. Along fault zones, the surface is
resp. raised and lowered into larger or smaller blocks (Tafeljura). The highest
points in the Swiss Jura Mountains are Mont Tendre (1679 m) and La Dole (1677
m).
Mittelland is located at an altitude of 200-700 m and rises evenly from the
Jura Mountains to the foot of the Alps. The region, which geologically forms the
Swiss Plateau, is made up of centier, soft, greenish sandstone and accompanying
marl, as well as conglomerates, molasses, which consist of degradation products
from the growing Alps. These deposits are locally covered by moraine and river
deposits. The soil is fertile in most places, and the region is Switzerland's
most important agricultural area.
The country's third region comprises approximately 20% of the Alps. The
longitudinal valleys of the Rhône and Rhine (Vorderrheins) divide the mountain
range into a northern and southern part, and the transverse valleys of Reuss and
Ticino into an eastern and western part. The Northern Alps consist of the
Bernese Alps to the NW with Finsteraarhorn (4274 m) and the Glarner Alps to the
NE, the Southern Alps of the Valais Alps (Pennine Alps) to the SW with the
Matterhorn (4478 m) and the Lepon Alps and Rätiske Alps to the south and SE. The
average elevation of the Swiss Alps is approximately 1700 m, but about 100 peaks reach
around the 4-km level. The Dufourspitze in the Monte Rosa massif is with its
4634 m the highest point in Switzerland. Many alpine peaks are covered by
perpetual snow and glaciers, the 117 km2 large and 23.6 km
long Aletsch glaciers.
Climate
Switzerland is located in the humid, cold-temperate climate belt, but there
are, especially due to the mountains, large regional differences: the Jurassic
area and the alpine north side are under the influence of humid, relatively warm
winds from the west and NW, which provide abundant precipitation (1500-2000 mm
in Jurassic, up to 1500 mm in the Alps). The central and eastern Mittelland are
partly covered by rainfall of the Jura Mountains, and the rainfall here is lower
(eg Geneva 900 mm, Zurich 1100 mm). On the south side of the Alps, the climate
is Mediterranean but humid. The air masses coming from the south give off
precipitation here when crossing the mountains. On the north side, the air mass
is dry and warm, and the often strong wind (blow dryer) can give rise to storm
damage, sudden snowmelt and avalanches. The tree line is located at an altitude
of 1700-2300 m.
Population
Switzerland has 7.3 million. per capita and the annual population growth is
0.6%. The population is very unevenly distributed in the mountainous country:
The northern lowlands, the Mittelland region, are most densely populated, while
in the alpine area in the south is very sparsely populated, only 30 residents
/ km2. Over 60% live in cities with more than 10,000 residents,
but even the largest cities have a relatively modest size: Zurich 376,000
residents, Basel 170,600, Geneva 192,400 and the capital Bern 125,700
(2011). Over 20% of the population are of foreign origin, mainly guest workers
from Spain, Italy and France. Problems with this have led to tightening of the
rules for obtaining Swiss citizenship.
- Countryaah:
Do you know how many people there are in Switzerland? Check this site to see
population pyramid and resident density about this country.
Industries
In the field of insurance and banking, Switzerland is an international
leader, just as the country is home to several large trading companies. Tourism
has since the late 1800-t. been one of the country's most important sources of
income; in total approximately 300,000 jobs are directly or indirectly related to the
tourism industry. It is especially in the mountains and their peripheral areas
that tourism plays a dominant role. Here, the occupation has supplemented or
completely replaced the original occupations, agriculture and forestry.
Compared to the other occupations, agriculture is of less
importance. The country estates are small; with approximately 30% is larger than 10
ha. Only 3.7% of the population works in agriculture. The mountain areas are
difficult to utilize rationally. Climatic conditions favor grass production in
particular, which is why cattle breeding is Switzerland's most important form of
agriculture, and milk the most important agricultural product. Former farmsteads
are maintained in only a few places, mostly for the sake of the
tourists. Different types of cheese and chocolate are also important
exports. Especially in the Mittelland region, agricultural crops are more
varied, and in addition to grass, wheat, barley, oats, sugar beets and potatoes
are grown. Viticulture is widespread in mild and sunny areas, for example in the
canton of Valais and on the shores of Lake Genevaand Neuenburger See as well as
in the Rhine Valley. Despite the harsh growing conditions, Switzerland is able
to cover more than half of its food needs through its own production. This is
not least due to a strong subsidy of the agricultural industry by the state.
Industry. Despite small area, pronounced shortage of raw materials
and therefore great dependence on imported raw materials and semi-finished
products, industrial production is relatively large. The industry employs
approximately 30% of the working population and contributes approximately 35% to
GDP. Industrial products account for almost 4/5 of
Switzerland's total export value. The country has many small businesses, and
only a few have more than 500 employees. No real heavy industry or large
industrial agglomerations have settled here, but several Swiss chemical and
pharmaceutical groups have global
significance. Industry centers are Basel (chemical and pharmaceutical
industry), Sankt Gallen (textile
industry), Zürich, Schaffhausenand Winterthur (metal and armaments industry)
and La-Chaux-de-Fonds(watchmaking). Important industrial goods are also other
fine mechanics, graphic products and food and beverages. Swiss industrial
products compete on quality, as a high wage level, scarcity of raw materials and
high transport costs lead to high costs. Some products are famous for their
quality and reliability, which can be explained by a combination of technical
know-how, entrepreneurship, a stable labor market, large investments and
business talent. The Swiss watch industry is a good example of a production
based on quality, which over time has been able to adapt to a very fluctuating
demand. After a period of decline in the 1970's and early 1980's, the industry has
regained its former market. The level of education is very high and Switzerland
spends more money per capita.
Energy
Switzerland is dependent on energy imports. An exception is electricity,
which for 60% comes from the country's many hydropower plants and the rest from
the country's five nuclear power plants. Some electricity is used to make
aluminum, some is exported to neighboring countries.
Infrastructure
The mountainous landscape places great demands on the infrastructure, and the
construction and maintenance of the traffic connections is costly. More than 30
pass roads at an altitude of over 1000 m direct traffic across the Alps in
Switzerland. Six railway tunnels lead through the mountains, the approximately 20 km
long Simplon tunnel between Switzerland and Italy. The 19.1 km long Vereina
railway tunnel, which connects the town of Klosters with the Engadine Valley in
Graubünden in eastern Switzerland, was inaugurated in 1999. Three road tunnels,
Store Sankt Bernhard, San Bernardino and Sankt Gotthard, direct car traffic
through the Alps; the latter is with its 16 km the world's second longest road
tunnel. In order to reduce the disadvantages of transit traffic through
Switzerland, the government has implemented restrictions which mean that heavy
lorries must be transported by rail.
Switzerland - economy
The commodity-poor Switzerland was for a long time Europe's richest
country; prosperity was based on highly developed industry and large foreign
trade. Business activity is very high and the labor market is traditionally
quite conflict-free. Slow growth from the 1990's has, however, meant that it has
been overtaken by, for example, Norway and Iceland. The country has a small open
economy, as since2. World War II has become increasingly integrated into the
world economy, despite the fact that Switzerland (partly through triple-income
subsidies) has based its agricultural policy on a high degree of
self-sufficiency, and has not or has only recently become a member of a number
of international economic and political organizations. Thus, Switzerland chose
to stand outside the EC at its formation in 1958; in turn, the country
co-founded EFTA in 1960. The close economic ties with the EU,European Economic
Area, EEA, in a referendum in 1993. The government then froze its application
for EU membership, which had been submitted in 1992, when Switzerland also
became a member of the IMF and the World Bank. In 2001, voters voted against
entering EU negotiations -membership; legislation is continuously adapted to the
conditions in the EU, and in 2003 Switzerland and the EU an agreement on the EU
citizens' savings in Swiss banks to be taxed, and that 3/4 of
which must be transferred to that country.
Since 1959, it has been a major objective of the government to base fiscal
policy on a balanced budget. In an international comparison, corporation tax and
tax burden are generally low, which in combination with the country's strict
banking secrecy has contributed to Switzerland developing into a leading
financial center, where many multinational companies have chosen to locate their
headquarters. Monetary policy is designed to maintain price stability over the
medium term. The exchange rate of the Swiss franc is flowing freely, but has
historically been closely linked to developments in the D-Mark. The status of
the Swiss franc as an escape currency has meant that the currency has often
strengthened significantly during major international financial crises, such as
the crisis in Asia 1997-98.
While economic growth was high in the latter half of the 1980's, developments
reversed in the early 1990's. Weak economic development in the main trading
partners, weakened competitiveness due to a strong Swiss franc and a restrictive
monetary policy resulted in economic stagnation, and unemployment, which in
1988-92 was only 1% on average, rose to over 5% in 1997; in 2004 and 2005 it was
between 3% and 4%. Vha. work permits, foreign labor is used as a buffer, and
unemployment and the associated public expenditure can be kept at a fairly low
level. Nevertheless, from the 1990's onwards, the government had to record annual
government budget deficits (although only 1.5% of GDP in 2005), and government
debt increased to 52% of GDP (2005); proposals for social cuts were rejected in
a referendum in 2004.
Although Switzerland has at times had a trade deficit, this has been fully
covered by large surpluses in connection with other foreign transactions. As a
result, the country has a large annual surplus on the current account of the
balance of payments, which in 2005 was estimated at 16% of GDP. The country's
most important trading partners are Germany, France, Italy and the USA, which
together account for approximately half of foreign trade.
In 2005, Denmark exported DKK 4.9 billion. DKK to Switzerland, while imports
from there were 5.5 billion. kr.
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